Migrating Applications

Mobility Overview

Introduction
Mobility Configuration
Exporting Applications
- Policy-Based Exports
- Manual Exports
Importing Applications
Migration Considerations
- Non-Application Resources
- Availability and Failure Zones

Introduction 

The ability to move an application across clusters is an extremely powerful feature that enables a variety of use cases including Disaster Recovery (DR), Test/Dev with realistic data sets, and performance testing in isolated environments.

In particular, the K10 platform is being built to support application migration and mobility in a variety of different and overlapping contexts:

Cross-Namespace: The entire application stack can be migrated across different namespaces in the same cluster (covered in restoring applications).
Cross-Cluster: The application stack is migrated across non-federated Kubernetes clusters.
Cross-Account: Mobility can additionally be enabled across clusters running in different accounts (e.g., AWS accounts) or projects (e.g., Google Cloud projects).
Cross-Region: Mobility can further be enabled across different regions of the same cloud provider (e.g., US-East to US-West).
Cross-Cloud: Finally, mobility can be enabled across different cloud providers (e.g., AWS to Azure).

Mobility Configuration 

Some additional infrastructure configuration is needed before migration between two clusters can be enabled.

Required: Object storage or NFS file storage configuration
Use-Case Specific: Cross-account and Kanister configuration

External Storage Configuration 

For two clusters to share data, K10 needs access to an object storage bucket (e.g., k10-migrate) or an NFS file storage location that will be used to store data about the application restore points that have been selected for migration between clusters. The source cluster needs to have write permissions to these locations, and the destination cluster needs to have read permissions. The appropriate credentials can be configured using Location profiles.

Cross-Cloud Configuration 

When migrating applications across different cloud providers, including hybrid environments, K10 should have support for storage system snapshots on the originating side.

Cloud-Provider Configuration 

The following per-cloud provider configuration is required when cross-account/project/subscription migration within the same cloud-provider is needed.

AWS 

To use IAM roles, there are two options: first, if K10 was installed with an IAM role, that can be used by selecting the Authenticate With AWS IAM Role option. Alternatively, if an IAM role needs to be specified at profile creation time, the Execute Operations Using an AWS IAM Role option should be selected. As a result, K10 will generate and use temporary security credentials for executing operations.

If cross-account and/or cross-region volume migration is desired, select the Advanced Export Settings option while creating or editing the location policy for entering additional destination information:

In an AWS environment, if the destination cluster is in a different region, specify the destination region here, and K10 will make a cross-region copy of the underlying EBS snapshots.

If a different target account at the destination is desired, specify it here. K10 needs an IAM user created within the destination account (e.g., k10migrate). The destination AWS account ID is also needed. During the creation of the export policy, the username should be specified as <AWS Account ID>/<User Name>

Both the native provider and the CSI provider are supported.

Google Cloud 

Currently, due to underlying provider limitations, optimized migration is only supported among different clusters in the same project. For migration across clusters running within different accounts, please follow the documentation for cross-cloud migration.

Both the native provider and the CSI provider are supported.

Microsoft Azure 

In an Azure environment, a destination region that is different from source can be specified in the export policy in the same way as mentioned for AWS above for a cross-region copy of the underlying snapshots.

A destination resource group may also be specified. This is particularly useful when migrating CSI provisioned volumes.

Note

All the objects created for an AKS cluster belong to a resource group created specifically for it. When a CSI driver takes snapshots, these also belong to this resource group. In order for other clusters to use these snapshots, their service principals must have the Disk Snapshot Contributor role on that resource group.

az role assignment create --assignee <service principal ID> --role 'Disk Snapshot Contributor' --resource-group <resource group>

Optimized migration across different Azure subscriptions will be available in the near future. If migration across clusters running within different subscriptions is needed, please follow the documentation for cross-cloud migration for the current release.

Both the native provider and the CSI provider are supported.

Exporting Applications 

Policy-Based Exports 

The workflow for exporting applications into another cluster is very similar to the workflow followed for protecting applications. When a policy is created to capture an application, simply also select the Enable Backups via Snapshot Exports option shown above.

If selected, one ExportAction is created for each BackupAction when the export schedule is triggered. Once all the ExportActions finish for that scheduled time, the metadata is uploaded to the location specified by the Profile. After this is uploaded, these backups are available for import.

The profile, as defined in the configuration section, specifies where the exported data and metadata will be stored. This profile contains the location of an object storage bucket (e.g., using AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage, Azure blob, or any other S3-compliant object store) or an NFS file storage location to export the needed data.

The Export Snapshot Data option stores the exported data and metadata to the store configured above, but the Export Snapshot References Only option stores only metadata about the application restore points. Below these options, the Advanced Export Settings button opens up additional options for specifying storage classes that override the Snapshot Data or Snapshot References Only setting.

For example, if there is a cluster where multiple storage providers are in use, and all of the storage classes in this cluster can be exported by reference, then the Export Snapshot References Only option is all that is needed; but if one of the storage classes in this cluster is only visible inside the cluster (e.g., a Rook Ceph setup with a StorageClass named rc1), the Export Snapshot References Only option can still be used, but that one particular StorageClass (rc1) needs to be listed as an exception to the portability setting, because its data needs to be exported. The image above shows the settings for this example.

If migration is desired across Kubernetes clusters in different clouds or between on-premises and public cloud environments, you need to enable the Export Snapshot Data option in order to migrate both the application data and metadata. Without it, the application data will not be exported and the subsequent import will fail.

Within Advanced Export Settings, additional options become available when the source and destination clusters are in different regions of a public cloud provider that supports cross-region snapshot copies (e.g., AWS and Azure). Follow the instructions here to enter the destination information.

When this application is imported into another cluster, as described below, initial handshake configuration will be required. This can be obtained from the policy by clicking Show import details and will result in the below encoded configuration being displayed.

Manual Exports 

Apart from policy-driven exports, it is also possible to manually create a one-off application export. From the Applications page, simply click on the Export icon.

After a restore point is selected, you will be presented with information about the application snapshot being migrated (e.g., time, originating policy, artifacts) and, more importantly, the option to configure the destination by selecting a mobility profile.

The option to select export portability and other Advanced Export Settings follows. Refer back to the above section for information relating to these options.

Finally, click on Export. After confirming the export, the encoded import configuration required by the destination cluster will be presented.

Importing Applications 

Note

Import policies are only supported for importing applications into a cluster that is different than where the application was captured from. The protecting applications section has more details.

Importing an application snapshot is again very similar to the policy creation workflow for protecting applications. From the Policies page, simply select Create New Policy.

To import applications, you need to select Import for the action. While you need to also specify a frequency for the import, this simply controls how often to check the shared object storage or NFS file storage location. If data within the store is not refreshed at the same frequency, no duplicate work will be performed.

Warning

Care should be taken when auto-restoring the application during import. In particular, ensure that the newly restored application does not conflict with the application running in the source cluster. Examples of potential conflicts include accidental credential reuse, access to and use of external services, and services conflicting for exclusive ownership of shared resources.

It is also possible to select Restore after Import to bring the application up in this cluster after the metadata import is complete.

You will also need to paste the text block displayed by the destination cluster's export policy (or shown during a manual export) to allow K10 to create the data export/import relationship for this application across the clusters. Finally, similar to the export workflow, a location profile also needs to be selected. The destination cluster usually only needs read and list permissions on all the data in the shared storage system.

When selecting a location profile in the Profile for Import section, the list of location profiles will show a "Matching Profile". This is the original export location, which should contain the exported restore points. A list of "Other Profiles" is also shown. Selecting a profile from the "Other Profiles" section can be useful if, for example, a restore point has been cloned or moved from its original export location.

After the Create Policy button is clicked, the system will start scheduling jobs based on the policy definition. If new data is detected, its metadata will be imported into the cluster, automatically associated with the application stack already running, and be made available as a restore point. Note that unless Restore after Import is selected, only metadata is brought into the cluster. If the data volumes reside in an object store or NFS file store (e.g., after a cross-cloud migration), they will not be converted into native volumes until a restore operation is initiated.

The normal workflow for restoring applications can be followed and, when given the choice, simply select a restore point that is tagged with the import policy name.

Migration Considerations 

While migrating applications across clusters, regions, and clouds is significantly simpler with K10, there are still other considerations to be aware of that might impact your migration workflow. The sections below cover these considerations in detail for a smoother migration process.

Non-Application Resources 

While the K10 platform will protect all resources that are discovered in the application namespace, it intentionally does not gather resources that are not part of an application namespace but only found at the cluster level. Examples of such resources include Custom Resource Definitions or CRDS (but not the actual Custom Resources or CRs), Storage Classes, or Cluster Role Bindings. K10 assumes that these resources will be deployed as a part of cluster creation by the administrator or the cluster deployment process. This is of particular importance when migrating applications to a new cluster as the absence of these resources could cause application restore failures.

Related to the issue of cluster-wide resources, there are Kubernetes resources that are only found in a namespace but have a resource conflict with other applications in the same cluster. While generally discouraged for production usage, a commonly observed resource that falls in this category is the NodePort service. Once claimed by an application, a subsequent request for the same NodePort will conflict and be disallowed. Whenever possible, K10 attempts to work around such limitations by resetting such settings on restore to a cluster-provided non-conflicting value. For example, with NodePort, K10 will allow Kubernetes to pick a port from the default port range allocated to the NodePort service.

Finally, applications sometimes will have dependencies that are external to the cluster (e.g., DNS entries) that might not be visible to Kubernetes or K10. However, it is possible to work with such external resources through the use of post-restore hooks available in K10 and Kanister blueprints.

Availability and Failure Zones 

For migrations across Kubernetes clusters that are spread across different availability (or failure) zones, K10, for stateful applications in the destination cluster, tries to maintain the same fault independence as the source cluster. However, this can be hard or not possible when either the destination cluster has fewer availability zones than the source cluster or does not have nodes deployed in all availability zones.

To help work around these issues, K10 adopts a number of techniques to simplify the redeployment process. As far as possible, K10 will attempt to only place volumes in availability zones where it has already discovered worker nodes belonging to the destination cluster.

In the case of migration in the same region, K10 will attempt to first place volumes in the same zones that the source cluster had selected. If that is not possible, it will assign volumes to other availability zones where it has found worker nodes.

For cross-region migration, K10 will first attempt to map availability zones between the source and destination regions and, assuming the worker nodes are found in those zones, provision volumes according to that mapping. If a mapping is not possible (e.g., the source cluster used more available zones than the destination cluster has available), it will provision volumes into one of the other discovered zones in the destination cluster.

In the unlikely case that K10 is unable to either find worker nodes or discover zones, it will fallback to assigning volumes to zones that it knows exist in that region.

Finally, note that the above approach can potentially run into scheduling issues where the destination cluster might have either insufficient or no compute resources in a given zone. If you run into this issue, the simplest solution is to provision more worker nodes across your desired available zones.